Yes, typically, microcontrollers from different manufacturers require specific programmers. For example, STM microcontrollers usually require a programmer compatible with the STM family. However, some universal programmers support multiple microcontroller types, providing flexibility for a broader range of projects.

Yes, if microcontrollers share the same architecture, such as AVR, it's possible to use a single programmer. However, verify compatibility and ensure that the programmer supports the specific models you intend to work with, as differences in features and protocols can still exist.

In-circuit programming (ICP) and in-system programming (ISP) both refer to programming microcontrollers without removing them from the circuit. While the terms are often used interchangeably, ICP can involve connecting additional pins for programming, while ISP typically implies using existing pins for both programming and normal operation.

Yes, you can use a USB-to-Serial adapter as a programmer for microcontrollers in some cases, but it depends on the specific microcontroller and programming method you are using.

Many microcontrollers use a serial communication protocol for programming, and a USB-to-Serial adapter can be employed to establish this connection between your computer and the microcontroller.