Heartbeat is commonly measured by assessing the pulse rate, which is the number of heartbeats per minute. This can be done manually by palpating arteries, especially the radial artery, or using electronic devices such as pulse oximeters.

Blood Pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and consists of two values: systolic pressure (during heartbeats) and diastolic pressure (between heartbeats).

Blood Pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, typically placed around the upper arm. The systolic and diastolic pressures are recorded, providing valuable information about the health of the cardiovascular system.

The accuracy of these sensors depends on the technology and design. Modern sensors with advanced algorithms and calibration processes can provide reliable and accurate readings when used correctly.

These modules typically employ photoplethysmography (PPG) technology, utilizing light to detect blood volume changes beneath the skin. The module emits light into the skin and measures the amount of light absorbed by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, allowing it to calculate SpO2 levels and heart rate.